The most number of passengers carried on a single aircraft occurred on May 24, 1991, when an El Al 747 transported 1,087* Jewish refugees away from a politically unstable Ethiopia. Actually, the number increased to 1,090 before the trip was over, as three babies were literally air-born.
This evacuation was part of Operation Solomon, where the Israeli government transported a total of 14,235 Jews out of Ethiopia in a 36-hour period.
*This is the official number of passengers registered for the flight, according to El Al on its webpage describing the operation. However, according to many sources, there were numerous unregistered children who were smuggled aboard, and the actual number of passengers on the plane was 1,122 (prior to any births).
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