One of the most cherished American heroes, at least when I was a youth, was Christopher Columbus. One of history's most cherished legends, at least when I was a youth, was that all of Europe was gobsmacked, as a result of Columbus's initial voyage, to learn that the world might be round. In reality, it was common knowledge for around two hundred years prior to 1492 that the earth was not flat, that intrepid sailors did not risk sailing off of the edge, and that Columbus's daring plan to sail around the world was daring only because no one exactly knew how large the world was and, as a corollary, whether or not he had enough provisions for the voyage. The source of the misconception (i.e. lie) was the book The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus authored by Washington Irving in 1828.
Another such misconception was the common belief that Columbus was the first European to discover America. That honor instead probably goes to Leif Erikkson, who apparently set foot in Canada around the year 1000.
One final facet of Columbus history which was not really discussed when I was in school was his enthusiastic practice of genocide and torture with respect to Native Americans. Adolf Eichmann could have picked up quite a few pointers from this guy.
Columbus had initially been looking for a better trade route to the far east. However, on his first landing in the New World, he encountered the Lucayan natives from what is currently known as the Bahamas. Columbus described these people as healthy, generous, and hospitable. They freely gave the Europeans anything they wanted and rescued the Santa Maria, saving both the cargo and crew. Unfortunately for the Lucayans, they sported gold earrings. Suddenly, Columbus's obsession for a better trade route was subsumed by a lust for the yellow metal.
Columbus took twenty-five Lucayans back with him to Spain--seven survived the voyage. Upon reporting to his royal sponsors of the potential wealth which could be found in what would later be called America, Columbus was outfitted with seventeen ships, 1,500 men, and literally boatloads of weapons. He thereupon demanded from the natives food, gold, and access to their young women for sexual slavery. And, by young, we are referring to very young. Columbus observed that girls of ages nine or ten could be used as currency, and he often provided them to his officers as a reward.
The natives did not accede to his demands, and Columbus captured some, ordered that their noses and ears be cut off, and released them to return to their villages as an example of what happens to anyone who resisted the Europeans. Eventually, the natives rebelled, and Columbus and his troops quickly quashed the revolt with their superior weapons. In order to alleviate the boredom of genocide, the troops enjoyed siccing their hunting dogs to feed upon any fallen but still living Lucayan warriors.
Columbus returned to Spain sans gold but with a cargo of 500 Lucayans to be sold as slaves. Two hundred of them survived the voyage. Another 500 were enslaved by Columbus's men who remained in the New World and forced to perform arduous tasks, including carrying the Europeans around on the slaves' backs. Other fun activities imposed upon the natives included evisceration, live burial, crushing by horses, or having their babies roasted on spits.
Columbus still had his eye on gold. He implemented a system where each native was required to bring in a certain amount of the precious metal. Once the native met his allotment, he was given a copper disc to wear around his neck which essentially exempted him from further gold collection for a specific period of time. If a native was apprehended with an expired disc or no disc at all, his taskmasters would cut off his hands and require him to wear them around his neck instead.
So, why is Columbus honored by a federal holiday in the United States and put on the same pedestal as folks like Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr.? The slavish devotion to Columbus did not originate with Washington Irving's 1828 publication. Columbia, named after Columbus, was used as a personification of America in a British publication in 1738 and since then has been adopted as the name of cities, a record company, a space shuttle, a university, the capitol of the United States, and numerous other applications. Columbus was the first subject of a commemorative postage stamp issued by the USA and was the inspiration for the World's Columbian Expedition in Chicago in 1892-1893. Also in 1892, President Benjamin Harrison established Columbus Day as a rebuttal to the lynching of eleven Italian-Americans the prior year. Columbus's placement on the pantheon of official federal holidays started as a day of national observance in 1934, after the Knights of Columbus sought recognition for Columbus as a Catholic who could serve a role model for kids. It achieved full federal holiday status, where mail is not delivered and federal offices are closed, three years later.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, various state and local governments since 1977 have dumped Columbus and are celebrating instead Indigenous Peoples' Day.
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